Philosopies and Theories of Education

PHILOSOPHIES	METAPHYSICS	EPISTEMOLOGY	AXIOLOGY
Idealism	Reality is spiritual or mental	Knowing is the rethinking of latent ideas	Values are absolute and eternal
Realism	Reality is objective and is composed or matter and form	Knowing consists of sensation and abstraction	Values are absolute and eternal  based on  nature’s laws
Pragmatism	Reality is the interaction of an individual with environment or experience	Knowing results from experiencing use of scientific method	Values are situational or relative
Exixtentialism	Existence precedes Essence	Knowledge for personal choice	Freely chosen values
Philosophical Analysis	Rejected as nonveritable empirically	Emperical verification or logical alalysis of language	Regarded as emotional feelings

THEORIES PENDIDIKAN

THEORIES	GOALS	CURRICULUM
Perennialism	To educate the rational person	Subject matter that is hierarchically arranged to cultivate the intellect
Essentialism	To educate the useful and competent person	Basic education: reading, writing, arithmetic, history, English, science, foreign languages
Progressivism	To educate the individual according to his or her interests and needs	Activities and projects
Reconstructionism	To reconstruct society	Social sciences used as reconstructive tools

POSITIVIST AND NATURALIST AXIOMS

AXIOMS	POSITIVIST	NATURALIST
The Nature of reality	Reality is single, tangible, and fragmentable	Realities are multiple, constructed and holistic
The relationship of knower to the know	Knower and known are independent, a dualism	Knower and known are interactive, inseparable
The possibility of generalization	Time-and context-free generalization (nomothetic statements) are possible	Only time-and context-bound working  hypotheses (idiographic statement) are possible
The possibility of causal linkages	There are real causes, temporally precedent to or simultaneous with their effect	All entities are in a state of mutual simultaneous shaping, so that it is impossible to distinguish causes from effect
The role of value	Inquiry is value-free	Inquiry is value-bound